Kev kawm theem nrab hauv Tebchaws Europe

2024 Tus sau: James Gerald | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 14:08

Cia peb pib tam sim nrog qhov tseeb tias lub tswv yim ntawm Thawj Lub Cuaj Hli tsis muaj nyob hauv yuav luag txhua lub tebchaws European. Alas! Nws tsis suav ua Hnub Paub lossis pib xyoo kawm ntawv. Tsis muaj tus tswj hwm hais lus, hais lus ntawm tus thawj coj, paj, hneev thiab niam txiv nrog lub koob yees duab yees duab. Coob leej menyuam yaus tau mus kawm ntawv txij li ib nrab txog rau lub Yim Hli lig. Thiab xyoo kawm ntawv nws tus kheej tsis xaus rau lub Tsib Hlis, tab sis zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau nruab nrab Lub Rau Hli.

Nrog rau hnub so caij ntuj sov ntawm no - tsis heev! 2 lub hlis siab tshaj, lossis tsuas yog 6 lub lis piam. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob xav txog qhov xav tau ntawm tsob ntoo thiab tsis kos cov lus xaus ntawm cov ntsiab lus dav dav ntawm "Europe" thiab "European school", vim qhov no tsis muaj, kuv xav tsom mus rau qhov piv txwv ntawm ntau lub tebchaws thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kawm theem nrab nyob teb chaws Europe. Thiab koj tus kheej twb tau sib piv nrog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm koj tus tub / ntxhais lossis koj tus kheej, nyuam qhuav kawm tiav! Thiab xav txog yam koj tus menyuam yuav dhau mus thaum twg, raws li kev thov ntawm niam txiv, lub tsev kawm ntawv Lavxias tau hloov los ntawm "sib txawv" ib qho: Dutch, German lossis Fabkis …

Ntu 1 - Holland

Xyoo 1848, lub tebchaws tau siv txoj cai lij choj uas tsim kev ywj pheej ntawm kev qhia. Qhov no txhais tau tias tsis muaj tsoomfwv tswj hwm txoj kev kawm hauv Holland, txawm hais tias tsoomfwv tau them tus nqi ntawm yuav luag txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv theem pib. Kev kawm hauv tsev kawm hauv Netherlands yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau txhua tus thiab qhov tseeb, yog pub dawb, tsuas muaj kev koom tes ntxiv los ntawm niam txiv. Piv txwv li, yog tias koj tus menyuam nyob noj hmo hauv tsev kawm ntawv thaj chaw, thiab nco ntsoov koj, nrog nws tus kheej qhaub cij los ntawm tsev thiab kua txiv hauv lub raj mis, lub tsev kawm ntawv yuav them los ntawm ib puas rau ob puas euros ib xyoos los ntawm niam txiv. Txog kev tswj hwm, txhawm rau hais lus, hla tus menyuam thaum noj mov thiab so - ib teev ntev, thaum cov menyuam yaus, raws li txoj cai, ua si hauv vaj. Hnub kawm ntawv pib ntawm 8.30 thiab xaus rau thaum 15.00, yog li nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob, hauv txoj cai, cov menyuam txom nyem tau so ntawm 12 txog 13 teev.

Tab sis lawv puas yog neeg pluag thiab lawv tau ntim nrog kev paub ntau npaum li cas? Ntau ntxiv txog qhov no tom qab. Cia peb xub saib ntawm cov tsev kawm theem siab thiab cov ntawv qhia.

Tam sim no, kwv yees li peb lub hlis twg ntawm txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv hauv Netherlands tau tsim los ntawm cov koom haum ntiag tug thiab zej zog, feem ntau yog kev coj noj coj ua (Catholic, Protestant, thiab lwm yam), thiab kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev lag luam (thoob ntiaj teb cov tsev kawm ntiag tug uas qhia ua lus Askiv). Hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv zoo li no, hauv kev sib piv nrog cov tsev kawm hauv xeev zoo ib yam, lub nra hnyav dua me ntsis, thiab qhov xav tau rau cov tub ntxhais kawm siab dua.

Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm Dutch tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab thiab Lavxias yog qhov nws tau faib nruj me ntsis rau, qhov tseeb, thawj thiab theem nrab nws tus kheej. Tsis muaj cov tsev kawm qib siab hauv peb qhov kev nkag siab ntawm no, thiab tus menyuam mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv theem qis txij li 3-4 xyoos, qhov uas nws tseem nyob txog 12. Nyob rau yav tom ntej, nws muaj kev xaiv ntawm tsev kawm ntawv pej xeem zoo ib yam, gymnasium lossis athenium, qhov uas nws yuav kawm los ntawm 4 txog 6 xyoo. Ntawd yog, qhov ib txwm muaj, qhov nruab nrab Dutchman kawm tiav hauv tsev kawm theem siab thaum muaj hnub nyoog 16 lossis 18 xyoo, tab sis xav txog qhov tseeb tias nws tsis siv sijhawm ob xyoos nyob hauv tib chav kawm, uas tshwm sim ntau zaus ntawm no. Yog li, kev kawm dav dav muaj ob theem.

- Nov yog thawj txoj kev kawm, uas txuas ntxiv mus txog 8 xyoo. (Koj puas xav txog?) Ib lo lus nug tshwm sim: tus menyuam tau ua dab tsi ntau xyoo? Cov lus nug zoo. Cov menyuam yaus Lavxias tau txais kev tso cai rau pab pawg lus Dutch, uas lawv nyob tsawg kawg ib xyoos. Lawv feem ntau hu ua "prism" thiab muaj cov menyuam ntawm cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw los ntawm thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb. Hauv cov chav kawm no, qhov chaw tus menyuam mus rau thawj ib nrab ntawm hnub, txog 12 teev, cov lus tau nkag sai thiab zoo heev, txij li kev qhia tau zoo thiab cov menyuam tsis muaj sijhawm los sib tham thaum so hauv ib leeg lus Tsuas yog xav txog, hauv chav kawm ntawm kuv tus tub muaj 10 xyoo muaj cov menyuam los ntawm Africa, Brazil, Spain, Germany, Poland, Ltalis, Israel. Tsis yog txhua tus neeg nyob rau lub hnub nyoog no hais lwm yam lus txawv tebchaws, yog li Dutch dhau los ua kev sib koom ua ke thiab tib txoj hauv kev los sib tham nrog txhua lwm yam. Thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev raus dej tag nrho hauv lwm yam lus yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws!

Thaum tav su, cov menyuam tuaj koom "lub tsev kawm ib txwm muaj" uas tsuas yog cov neeg Dutch uas muaj hnub nyoog tib yam kawm, mus kawm thiab koom nrog yam lawv tuaj yeem ua yam tsis paub hom lus: kos duab, kawm lub cev, ua lej. Raws li lawv kawm lus Dutch, lawv dhau los ua "Dutch cov menyuam kawm ntawv" zoo ib yam, kawm keeb kwm me ntsis, keeb kwm keeb kwm me ntsis, qhov ntawd me ntsis, txawv me ntsis … Thiab ntawm no yog lwm qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv Lavxias.

Cov menyuam tsis tau thauj khoom!. Lawv ua haujlwm yam tsis muaj ntawv ua tom tsev. Txhua phau ntawv uas tsim nyog, phau ntawv sau thiab phau ntawv qhia tau muab khaws cia hauv chav kawm. Cov tub ntxhais kawm tsis nyuaj siab thaum kawm, thiab niam txiv tsis raug hu mus rau tsev kawm yog tias tus menyuam tau qhab nia tsawg. Nov nws tau txiav txim siab raws li hauv qab no: tus menyuam muaj peev xwm ua dab tsi - qhov ntawd yog yam nws ua. Thiab qhov no zoo. Thiab yog li ntawd. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub tsev kawm theem siab no yog nyob ntawm kev txhim kho tus kheej, thiab tsis yog ntawm kev kawm txog kev qhuab qhia tshwj xeeb. Ntawm kev muaj tswv yim, kev sib raug zoo thiab kev sib raug zoo, thiab tsis yog ntawm kev qhuab qhia, kev paub thiab kev mob siab rau.

Thaum tus menyuam muaj hnub nyoog txog 12 xyoos, txhua tus tub ntxhais kawm tau muab faib ua kwj deg, txhua tus ua rau qee yam kev kawm tiav qib siab, thiab, yog li ntawd, mus rau qee yam kev kawm txuj ci. Feem ntau muaj 2 ntawm lawv: kev qhia ua ntej tsev kawm qib siab thiab kev qhia theem nrab thiab kev qhia ua haujlwm. Raws li tau hais los saum no, tsis muaj hnub nyoog qis dua 12 xyoos (tom qab - tej zaum, vim tias yog qhov kev xeem txhua xyoo tsis dhia 5 ntawm kaum -qib ntsuas - tus menyuam tseem nyob hauv xyoo thib ob - tsis tuaj yeem lees paub thiab tsis lees paub!): tsev kawm ntawv lossis chaw dhia ua si. Hauv thawj kis, nws yuav tsum kawm plaub xyoos, zaum ob - rau. Cov chaw dhia ua si feem ntau yog koom nrog cov uas khov kho (los ntawm lawv niam lawv txiv lub siab nyiam) txiav txim siab nkag mus rau Tsev Kawm Qib Siab, thiab tsis yog mus kawm ntawv qib siab. Thiab hauv cov chaw dhia ua si no muaj cov ntawv ua tom tsev - niaj hnub thiab ntau ntau, thiab ntsuas nrog kev xeem txhua xyoo, thiab kev qhuab qhia - zoo li hauv ntau lub tsev kawm qib siab Lavxias: Latin, Ancient Greek, tsawg kawg peb "nyob" lus txawv teb chaws, kev sib raug zoo, thiab, ib txwm, physics, chemistry, biology, geography thiab ntxiv rau, ib yam li peb! Feem ntau muaj los ntawm 2 txog 4 cov lus qhia ntawm kev kawm, uas tuaj yeem xaiv rau kev kawm ntxaws ntxaws thiab nkag mus kawm ntxiv hauv University. Cov no yog: kev coj noj coj ua thiab tib neeg, kev lag luam thiab zej zog, xwm txheej thiab kev noj qab haus huv, xwm txheej thiab thev naus laus zis. Cov haujlwm nyob hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawd, kuv rov hais dua, yog qhov loj heev. Thiab thaum kawg, nws yog lub tsev kawm ntawv theem siab uas qhia rau tus menyuam txog qhov uas feem ntau hu ua "kev kawm zoo nyob sab Europe."

Lub sijhawm no, rau lo lus nug ntawm nws tus tub muaj kaum xyoo, leej twg tseem yog ib nrab xyoo kawm hauv Dutch lub tsev kawm ntawv pej xeem: "Zoo, koj ua li cas?" - tau txais cov lus teb hauv qab no: "Qee qib kindergarten! Tab sis tsis muaj kev lom zem thiab ua homework!"

Tej zaum, thaum nws ua tiav hla 12 xyoos, kuv yuav hnov qee yam hnyav dua.

Feem ntau, tej zaum nws yog qhov raug: ua ntej, muab rau Tus Menyuam Yaus thiab muaj lub sijhawm los txaus siab rau nws. Kawm los ntawm kev ua si, txhim kho lub peev xwm thiab lub cev. Tom qab tag nrho, nws tseem yuav muaj sijhawm loj hlob …

Thiab kawm paub qhuab qhia loj.

Ntu 2. Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Fabkis

Peb txuas ntxiv teb cov lus nug: puas tsim nyog tau txais kev kawm theem nrab hauv Europe? Kev kawm theem nrab hauv Tebchaws Yelemees yog ua los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm hauv cheeb tsam - lub xeev kev tswj hwm. Nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua. Cov menyuam nyob ntawm no pib kawm thaum muaj hnub nyoog 6 xyoo hauv tsev kawm ntawv theem pib (grundschule) thiab kawm hauv nws tau 4 xyoos. Tom qab ntawd nws txuas ntxiv hauv tsev kawm ntawv kev kawm dav dav (hauptschule), qhov twg yog kev kawm theem nrab raug muab; lossis tsev kawm ntawv tiag (realschule), qhov kev qhia ntawv nyob qib siab dua; lossis gymnasiums (gymnasium), qhov uas cov tub ntxhais kawm tau npaj rau kev nkag mus rau hauv tsev kawm qib siab. Cov txheej txheem, feem ntau, pom tau zoo thiab zoo ib yam li kev hloov kho Lavxias ib qho nrog qhov sib txawv me ntsis hauv cov ntsiab lus. Tab sis dab tsi txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv kawm?

Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob muaj qhov tsis muaj tseeb, vim kuv tus kheej tsis tau kawm hauv German cov tsev kawm, Kuv yuav hais los ntawm Is Taws Nem thiab los ntawm kuv cov phooj ywg cov menyuam qhov kev xav ntawm qee tus menyuam Lavxias uas tau kawm ntau xyoo hauv cov tsev kawm German thiab chaw dhia ua si.

"Dab tsi ua rau kuv xav tsis thoob yog tias hauv Moscow kuv yuav kawm tiav kev nyab xeeb xyoo no, thiab ntawm no kuv yuav raug kev txom nyem ntxiv peb xyoos. Thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, Kuv tsis xav tias kuv yuav tau txais kev kawm tiav dua. yuav kawm ntau yam lus …"

"Qhov tseem ceeb yog cov menyuam tsis txhob ua nruj ua tsiv rau lawv tus kheej. Thiab yog li ntawd tsis pub ntau tshaj plaub phau ntawv hauv ib xyoos kom tsis txhob ua haujlwm ntau dhau … Ntawm no hauv Russia, hauv tsev kawm theem siab, kuv yuav tsum kawm yuav luag txhua lub sijhawm!"

"Kuv tau qhia phau ntawv Lavxias ntawm kev ua lej rau tus kws qhia ntawv hauv chav ua si - nws tau pom tias cov neeg German tseem yuav pib kawm tsuas yog ob xyoos …"

"Cov ntaub ntawv raws li cov ntsiab lus tsis tuaj!"

"Thiab peb muaj tus kws qhia ntawv tshiab, uas tau pib kawm thawj qib hauv qib siab nrog cov lus hais hauv qab no:" Kuv muaj xov xwm zoo - peb yuav tham txog cov ncauj lus tham tau rau rau lub hlis - koj puas pom zoo? "Lub suab nrov nrov. cov tub ntxhais hluas tau raug txiav txim siab ….

Hauv tebchaws Russia, lawv tau qhia ntau ntxiv thiab nug ntau yam. Ntawm no ib yam, tsuas yog ntau thiab ntau tus neeg German yuav tsum tau crammed.

Tsis ntev los no, cov tsev kawm ntiag tug tau dhau los ua neeg nyiam dua, qhov uas cuam tshuam rau kev kawm ntawm tus kheej. Qhov no yog qhov kev nyiam zam, yog li tham. Txawm tias lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb "Kev Tsim Tus Cwj Pwm" tau siv - kev tsim tus yam ntxwv. Cov menyuam Lavxias tuaj yeem kawm hauv tsev kawm ntiag tug rau txhua lub xyoo, kom tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj kawm tiav (Abitur), tab sis lawv kuj tuaj yeem tuaj kawm ib xyoos lossis ob xyoos.

Nws tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo kom tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj ntawm kev paub tab hauv tsev kawm ntawv German yog tias tus menyuam mob siab rau tom qab nkag mus rau hauv tsev kawm qib siab German. Cov tsev kawm ntawv ntiag tug yog qhov txawv los ntawm txoj hauv kev mus rau cov chav kawm, kev qhia sai ntawm cov txheej txheem kev vam meej thiab qhov zoo tshaj plaws, cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub no thiab ntau lub computer lab. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tsev kawm ntawv no yeej kim heev thiab tsis tuaj yeem them taus rau ntau tus niam txiv.

Nyob Fab Kis

Cov menyuam yaus txawv tebchaws tuaj yeem kawm tsis yog hauv ntiag tug nkaus xwb, tabsis tseem nyob hauv qee lub tsev kawm ntawv pej xeem. Tsuas yog lub xeev lyceums lees paub cov menyuam los ntawm txawv teb chaws nkaus xwb mus rau cov qib siab, thiab tsev kawm ntawv ntiav - los ntawm txhua qib. Muaj peb qib nyob rau hauv tag nrho (tsis suav cov qib kawm qib pib): tsev kawm ntawv theem pib (qib 1-5), tsev kawm theem siab, lossis tsev kawm qib siab, qhov twg cov qhab nia raug suav nyob hauv kev thim rov qab - los ntawm rau rau thib peb, thiab tsev kawm theem siab, nws tseem yog lyceum - thib ob, thawj chav kawm thiab kawm tiav. Lyceums tuaj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv: kev tshaj lij (rau cov uas tsis mus kawm ntxiv), nrog rau kev kawm dav dav thiab thev naus laus zis, npaj rau kev nkag mus rau hauv tsev kawm qib siab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib xws.

Qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv pej xeem yog kev kawm pub dawb, thaum cov tsev kawm ntawv ntiav muaj kev kawm zoo thiab muaj ntau yam. Tab sis txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv uas lees txais menyuam yaus los ntawm txawv teb chaws tsim cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb rau lawv ntawm tus kheej. Nrog kev pab los ntawm kev sim, qib kev paub ntawm tus tub ntxhais kawm hauv txhua qhov kev kawm raug nthuav tawm, thiab raws li qhov kev paub no, tus menyuam raug tso rau chav kawm. Thiab qhov no zoo heev thiab txawv ntawm Dutch thiab German systems. Yog tias koj paub lej ntau xyoo ua ntej koj hnub nyoog, mus kawm hauv tsev kawm theem siab, thiab tsis txhob zaum hauv pab pawg ntawm "cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv qeeb"! Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev xeem ib nrab hnub kuj tseem hloov pauv tau, thiab tsuas yog thaum kawm tiav - tsis muaj kev qeeb lossis tsis txaus siab! Txawm li cas los xij, zoo li lwm qhov hauv Tebchaws Europe …

Dab tsi yog qhov pom tseeb yog kev hloov pauv thoob ntiaj teb thiab kev nthuav dav ntawm European Union muab txoj hauv kev kawm tsis muaj kev txwv rau koj tus menyuam. Koj tsuas yog yuav tsum xaiv txoj cai thiab … lub teb chaws. Vim tias tag nrho daim duab tsis tuaj yeem piav qhia siv qhov piv txwv ntawm tsuas yog peb leeg.

Kuv yuav hais ib yam: yog tias tsev neeg twb nyob hauv Europe lossis mus lawm, yog tias muaj daim ntawv tso cai nyob ib ntus, tus menyuam yuav raug coj mus kawm ntawv thiab nws yuav tau txais kev kawm. Thaum tuaj txog ntawm qhov chaw, siv koj lub sijhawm nrog xaiv lub tsev kawm ntawv ze tshaj plaws nyob ze koj lub tsev, mus rau hauv nroog kev tswj hwm, thiab nyob ntawd koj yuav tau txais cov ncauj lus ntxaws ntxaws nrog rau pawg ntawv me me txog txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv pej xeem thiab ntiag tug hauv cheeb tsam

Yog tias koj yuav xa koj tus menyuam tsuas yog ib xyoos lossis ob xyoos mus kawm, nco ntsoov: lub tsev kawm ntiag tug zoo hauv tebchaws Askiv lossis Lub Tebchaws Yelemees yuav raug nqi koj li kev huv: los ntawm 5 txog 20 txhiab euros ib xyoos. Yog li kev kawm qib siab hauv Tebchaws Europe tsis pheej yig.

Xa nws mus rau qhov kev kawm pauv tsev kawm ntawv? Qhov no yog ib lub tswv yim zoo thiab yog ib qho kev qhuas heev. Xws li kev coj ua, tsis zoo, uas tsis muaj nyob hauv ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv hauv tebchaws, yuav tso koj tus menyuam txiav txim siab rau nws tus kheej: "mus kawm thiab nyob qhov twg" yav tom ntej: Europe qub lossis niam Russia …